Rates of ICU Infections Fall in England

Hospitals across England reduced the rate of serious bloodstream infections in intensive care units (ICUs) during a two-year program, research has shown.

More than 200 ICUs in England participated in the National Patient Safety Agency's Matching Michigan programme, which aimed to bring down infections linked to central venous catheters to the rate seen in a landmark program in Michigan. Reducing the number of infections by more than 60 percent, the English ICUs were able to equal the low rates seen in the US.

"This is a very impressive result," says professor Julian Bion of Birmingham University, who was clinical lead for the initiative. "No national data existed before this program. The work showed that ICUs were already performing well at the beginning, with half the infection rate seen at the start of the equivalent U.S. effort. By the end, two-thirds of the English ICUs were reporting no infections."

Intriguingly, while infection rates declined in ICUs that were in the program, they were also declining just as fast in ICUs that were waiting to join the program.

Now research conducted alongside the programme, led by professor Mary Dixon-Woods of the University of Leicester, and funded by the independent health improvement charity the Health Foundation, has been able to identify the reasons for this.

"ICUs were already responding to the evidence of best practice in this area and to policy pressures by the time the programme came along," she says. "Simply carrying out five key practices consistently can help control infections. Our research showed that many units had already improved their procedures, and several showed considerable ingenuity in making care safer for patients."

The five practices are: observing strict hand hygiene; cleaning the skin with the correct antiseptic; avoiding the groin as the route of insertion; using full barrier protection cap, gown, gloves and mask; and reviewing daily whether the patient still needs the catheter.

Though the program did boost efforts in some ICUs, the improvements that were occurring anyway meant that it was difficult for the program overall to show additional impact.

"The program cannot take all the credit for the improvements seen," says Bion. "But the outcome is that care is safer for patients, and NHS staff are to be congratulated for this. The program has provided the foundation for establishing a clinically-led national infection reduction system for ICUs in England."

Dixon-Woods adds, "It is very pleasing that we have been able to explain better why rates of infection are falling. The results of the research are good news for NHS staff, who may have felt demoralised in recent months. It shows that they have been following best practice as defined internationally, and are now getting the public recognition they deserve. More than that, it's very good news for NHS patients."