Scientists Identify New Strategy to Combat Bacterial Infections

Scientists Alvin Lo and Han Remaut of Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB) have identified a chemical substance with the potential of acting as a new drug to treat bacterial infections, particularly urinary tract infections. In contrast to the most popular antibiotics, this candidate drug does not destroy pathogenic bacteria, but rather disarms them. The benefit of this new strategy is that other (useful) bacteria are unharmed and there is a lower risk of the development and spread of resistance by bacteria.

As Remaut notes, "It gives great satisfaction to see that years of fundamental research can result in a new strategy for the treatment of bacterial infections. Instead of killing the pathogenic bacteria, we have disarmed them; an approach with possible benefits compared to the current antibiotics."

Many pathogenic bacteria attach to a cell before they can infect it, usually in a very similar manner. The research group led by Remaut has focused on a new approach in combating infections, which has succeeded in inhibiting this crucial step and thereby disarming the bacteria. In this case, they took aim at the bacterium that causes almost 80 percent of urinary tract infections: the uropathogenic E. coli.

In order to prevent themselves being flushed out in the urine, E. coli bacteria attach themselves with the aid of hair-like structures -- type 1 pili. In 2011, Remaut and colleagues were the first to describe the pilus formation mechanism. Further research was necessary to translate these important structural insights into possible new drugs.

Lo and colleagues from Remaut's group started screening databases of chemical components in search of chemical molecules that could inhibit pilus formation. This yielded an inhibitor that interferes with an essential step in the assembly process of the pili. As a test, they exposed E. coli bacteria to this component, resulting in the bacteria no longer being able to produce pili. These "naked" bacteria were no longer able to attach to their host.

"E. coli is not the only pathogenic bacterium that uses this mechanism for attachment," Lo says. "If further research reveals that our molecule does indeed efficiently combat urinary tract infections, then we can also use this strategy in the fight against other infectious diseases such as food poisoning or traveler's diarrhea."

Source: Vrije Universiteit Brussel