Top 3 Infection Prevention Events to Watch Now: Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Listeria, and Mpox

Pathogen Pulse With Isis Lamphier, MPH, CIC

This Pathogen Pulse highlights focus on 3 critical topics shaping public health discussions: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV), the urgent recall of Boar's Head products due to listeria contamination, and the rise of mpox cases in Africa.

In New Hampshire, a tragic case has emerged as an adult from Hampstead has died from Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV), marking the state's first human case in a decade. EEEV, commonly known as "Triple E," is a rare but severe mosquito-borne illness with an average of just 11 human cases reported annually across the US. The virus primarily cycles between the black-tailed mosquito (Culiseta melanura) and birds but can occasionally infect other mosquito species, such as those in the Aedes genus, which may then spread it to humans and horses.

While most infected individuals do not show symptoms, the disease can manifest as either a mild febrile illness or a severe neurologic condition, with the latter being fatal in about a third of cases and often resulting in long-term complications. The recent death in New Hampshire highlights an elevated risk this year, compounded by reports of EEEV in mosquitoes and horses in neighboring states. Authorities recommend increased precautions, including mosquito repellents and protective clothing, as the risk of infection persists into the fall.

Next, in the past month, a severe listeria outbreak linked to Boar’s Head deli meats has resulted in 9 deaths and numerous hospitalizations, prompting a massive recall of seven million pounds of products. The outbreak has been traced to a Boar’s Head facility in Jarratt, Virginia, where federal inspections uncovered serious sanitation issues, including black mold, water dripping onto meat, and dead flies. The plant has been temporarily closed, but reports of illnesses and fatalities continue, leading public health officials to intensify warnings.

Listeria monocytogenes, the bacteria responsible, is known for causing severe illness, particularly in pregnant women, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Symptoms can range from mild digestive upset to severe flu-like symptoms, confusion, and seizures. The recall includes a wide array of deli meats processed at the Jarratt plant from May 10 to July 29 of this year. Consumers are advised to check their refrigerators for affected products, marked with “EST. 12612” or “P-12612,” and follow recommended cleaning procedures to prevent further exposure. While Boar’s Head reassures that many products remain unaffected, an ongoing investigation is being conducted to pinpoint the exact source of contamination.

Lastly, mpox cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have surpassed 20,000 for the year, and Guinea has reported its first case, increasing the number of affected countries to 14. The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) and the World Health Organization have launched a comprehensive regional response plan to address the outbreak. Despite a rising number of cases in Central Africa, the case-fatality rate is decreasing due to improved early detection and care. The DRC and Burundi are seeing a significant impact on children, with over half of the cases in the DRC occurring in those under 15.

In response, the joint preparedness plan aims to coordinate efforts across the affected regions, focusing on high-risk countries and operational support. The ongoing response will involve continued surveillance, vaccination efforts, and public health interventions to mitigate the spread of the virus.

In light of recent events, the critical importance of robust infection prevention measures has never been more evident. From the tragic death caused by Eastern Equine Encephalitis in New Hampshire to the widespread listeria outbreak linked to Boar’s Head products and the escalating mpox situation in Africa, these incidents underscore the need for vigilance, timely intervention, and public awareness.

As we navigate these challenges, individuals and communities need to stay informed, adhere to safety guidelines, and support comprehensive public health efforts to mitigate the impact of these and future infectious threats.